Lab Report I

Determining the Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions Mrs. Farrales Nikita Pandya October 23, 2012 December 3, 2012 INRODUCTION In the method of continuous variations the total number of moles of reactants is kept constant for the series of measurements. Each measurement is made with a different mole ratio of reactants. A mole ratio is ratio between the amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a chemical reaction.Mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in many chemistry problems. The optimum ratio, which is the stoichiometric ratio in the equation, form the greatest amount of product, and, if the reaction is exothermic, generate the most heat and maximum temperature change, Double replacement reactions are generally considered to be irreversible. The formation of an insoluble precipitate provides a driving force that makes the reaction proceed in one direction only.In a double reaction, the two reactants which are aqueous solutions (which can be broken down), can form two products one also an aqueous solution, and another which can be a precipitate, water, or a gas, which cannot be broken down, therefore making the reaction irreversible. The objective/goal of this laboratory is to find the optimum mole ratio for the formation of a precipitate in a double replacement reaction and use this information to predict the chemical formula of the precipitate. How can the products of a double reaction be predicted?How will it be determined if a product is aqueous or a precipitate? How will the method of continuous variations help determine the mole ratio of the two reactants? METHODS Materials: 1. Copper (II) chloride solution, CuCl2, 0. 05 M, 210 mL 2. Iron (III) nitrate solution, Fe(NO3) 3, 0. 1 M. 110 mL 3. Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 0. 1 M, 320 mL 4. Sodium phosphate, tribasic, solution, Na3PO4, 0. 05 M, 210 ml 5. (14+) Test tubes (some graduated, some without graduations) 6. Black Marker 7. Marking tape 8. (2) Stirring rods, large 9. Pipets 10. (2) Test tube racks 1. (2) Pairs of gloves 12. Lab goggles 13. Lab apron 14. Timer 15. Para film Procedure The lab was set up, as it is seen in figure 1, with seven test tubes in a test tube rack. Using a clean 10mL graduated cylinder, the appropriate volume of iron(III) nitrate solution was taken from its container and transferred/added to each test tube using a pipet. Using a another clean 10mL graduated cylinder, the appropriate volume of sodium hydroxide solution was taken from its container and transferred/added to each test tube, which already contained iron(III) nitrate, using a pipet.Before the timer was started, each of the solutions in the test tube was stirred/mixed with a large stirring rod. This ensured that both the reactants mixed properly. After stirring the solutions, observations were noted for any signs of chemical changes. The mixtures were to be left for 10 minutes (a timer was used) to sit undisturbed, because any movement of the test tube could cause a hindrance in the settlement of the precipitate. Though each test tube was left undisturbed for 10 minutes, final observations were made after the solutions were left to sit undisturbed for 24 hours.After the 24 hours of settling, the volume of the precipitate in each test tube was measured and recorded. For test tube with graduations, seeing the numbers at eye level made the calculations, but for test tubes with no graduations a different method was used to measure the volume of the precipitate. First another test tube of the same size was found, then using a pipet, 1ml of water was measured in a 10mL graduated cylinder, and then poured into the similar size test tube. Using a black marker graduations were written on the test tube. Graduations up to 5mL only were made.After the graduations were complete the â€Å"graduated† test tube was held side by side with the similar size test tube with no graduations, and the precipitate was measured using this metho d. The same procedures were repeated with the reactants of the second table, CuCl2 and Na3PO4 Figure 1: The set up of the lab, the test tubes were labeled 1-7 RESULTS Data Table 1: Ratio between Fe(NO3)3 and NaOH are presented in this table along with the amount of precipitate that was produced in each of the test tube. Test Tube | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| Fe(NO3)3, 0. 1M, mL| 1| 2| 4| 3| 2| 5| 4|NaOH, 0. 1M, mL| 11| 10| 16| 9| 5| 10| 6| Fe:OH Mole Ratio| 1:11| 1:5| 1:4| 1:3| 2:5| 1:2| 2:3| Volume of Precipitate (mL)| 1 mL| 2. 8 mL| 3 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| Data Table 2: Ratio between CuCl2 and Na3PO4 are presented in this table along with the amount of precipitate that was produced in each of the test tube. Test Tube | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| CuCl2, 0. 05 M, mL| 1| 4| 4| 6| 6| 8| 5| Na3PO4, 0. 05 M, mL| 5| 8| 6| 6| 4| 4| 1| Cu:PO4 Mole Ratio| 1:5| 1:2| 2:3| 1:1| 3:2| 2:1| 5:1| Volume of Precipitate (mL)| 1 mL| 4 mL| 3. 75 mL| 4 mL| 2. 5 mL| 3. 2 mL| 1 mL|RESULTS PARAGRAPH – PO ST LAB QUESTIONS Observations: Fe(NO3)3 and NaOH 1. Start time: 12:07 Separated instantly. After 3 minutes separated halfway End time: 12:17 Precipitate is 1/5 of test tube color is light orange 24 hours later: Same results 2. Start time: 12:11 Separated a little End time: 12:21 The precipitate takes up 2/5 of the test tube & is orange 24 hours later: Same results 3. Start time: 12:15 Instant separation End time: 12:25 Liquid still a little cloudy. Precipitate is ? of test tube color is light/dark orange 24 hours later: Same results 4.Start time: 12:19 Separating VERY slowly End time: 12:29 There is no precipitate just yet. Very cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 5. Start time: 12:22 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:32 There is no precipitate just yet. Very cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 6. Start time: 12:24 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:34 There is no precipitate. Very Cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 7. Start time: 12:27 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:37 There is no precipitate just yet. 24 hours later: Same results CuCl2 and Na3PO4 1.Start time: 12:36 Separated quickly End time: 12:46 Precipitate ? of test tube. Color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 2. Start time: 12:37 Separated quickly End time: 12:47 Precipitate is ? of test tube. Color is regular blue 24 hours later: Same results 3. Start time: 12:39 Separated quickly End time: 12:49 Precipitate is ? of test tube. Color is regular blue. 24 hours later: Same results 4. Start time: 12:41 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:51 Precipitate is ? of test tube and color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 5.Start time: 12:42 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:52 Precipitate is 2/5 of test tube and color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 6. Start time: 12:43 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:53 Precipitate is 3/5 of test tube and co lor is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 7. Start time: 12:45 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:55 Precipitate is 1/5 of test tube and color is light blue In the observations mentioned above, estimates using numbers (fractions) were made.These fractions basically estimate the amount of precipitate that was formed in each test tube, or the lack of a precipitate. Observations were made after the ten-minute mark, and then left under the fume hood for 24hrs due to the fact that time fell short; observations were made then also. The observations also show that in the test tube where it was recorded that the separation between the compounds was instant, there was a precipitate formed. Respectively the observations also show that in test tubes where it was recorded that separation between the compounds was not instant, there was no precipitate formed.These observations describe the color of the solution/precipitate, and tell the transparency of the sol ution. Lastly these observations elaborate on the slow or fast process of how each solution separated into a precipitate, or didn’t, based on their specific mole ratio. It justifies how the different mole ratio produced the different precipitate amount. Figure 2: Fe(NO3)3 and NaOHFigure 3: CuCl2 and Na3PO4 These pictures show a visual of the seven test tubes in each experiment. In some of them the precipitates are present, in other test tubes there are no precipitates present, which means that they are still solutions.The test tubes with graduations, that had precipitates present were measured by reading the number at eye level. But test tube with no graduations, that had precipitates present, a special method that was mentioned in the procedures were used. Since in experiment two, all of the test tubes had a precipitate present there was a clear distinction in colors, the blue and clear, they were heterogonous mixtures. But in experiment one, only three of the seven test tub es had precipitates present, in those three test tubes there is a distinction in color, the red-ish orange and clear, they were heterogonous mixtures.But in the other four test tubes, since they are solutions it is a homogenous mixture where the entire solution has one consistency and color. DISCUSSION By conducting the experiment, and analyzing the results, the optimum mole ratio for the formation of the precipitate in a double replacement reaction was found, and the chemical formula of the precipitate was found, the initial purpose of the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment two questions were proposed. ANSWER QUESTIONS ERRORS CONCLUSION LITTLE BIT FROM DATA AND DISCUSSION PARAGRAPH.

Cost Information for decision making Essay

Two common costing systems used in business are traditionally cost accounting system (job costing, process costing and operating costing) and activity-based costing system (ABC). There are some similarities and differences between these systems. Regarding the similarities, both accumulate product costs throughout the production process and assign those costs to individual units of production. Additionally, product cost under two costing systems consists of direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. In terms of differences, they are different in the way how the overhead costs are allocated. For conventional costing, it assigns manufacturing overhead based on a single volume based cost driver such as direct labour hours. In contrast, ABC approaches cost from the perspective that products do not cause costs. It requires activities which are the causes of all costs incurred so it allocates manufacturing overhead according to the activities needed to produce the products. Therefore, it highlights the existence of non value added activity which is not existed under traditional method. ABC also differs from conventional costing in the use of several cost pools when allocating the overhead costs. For instance, traditional costing uses only one cost pool to distribute the overhead whereas there are many cost pools involved under ABC. Furthermore, ABC employs both volume-based and non-volume-based cost drivers while conventional costing utilizes only volume-based cost drivers. Another difference is that conventional approach complies with the GAAP so it can be used to satisfy conventional financial reporting requirements. On the other hand, accounting standard board does not accept ABC to prepare financial statements so it can be useful for internal management decision. Under conventional system, there are similarities between job costing, process costing and operating costing. Firstly, they accumulate product costs throughout the production process and assign those costs to products. Secondly, these costing systems calculate the product costs which comprise direct material, direct labour and manufacturing overhead. Lastly, the cost flows for three systems is from raw material to work in process to finished goods and then to costs of goods sold. These first two systems can be distinguished by the following differences. First, job costing system is used by the company which produces unique products or products based on customer orders. Conversely, process costing is for the firms which produce one or a few homogenous products and often have continuous mass production. Second, each individual product costs are traced easily under job costing while process costing makes no attempt to track individual product costs. Thirdly, under job costing, the transfer from one job to another does not take place whereas the production from one process is transferred to next one till the product is full completed under process costing. Next, process costing accumulates product costs in each production department throughout the period while job order costing accumulates product costs to specific units. Operating costing for company which has a mix production system that produces in large quantities but then is customized the finished product. Therefore, operating costing is a combination of process costing and job costing. However, it differs from job and process costing which includes more than two types of cost pools in overhead allocation process. The cost pools are designed to match the separate processes that may be allocated to batches of products. Comment about the quality of your work: According to the assessment criteria, my answer for the question should be marked 7. This is for the following reasons. Firstly, the answer is well-organized into five paragraphs which consist of differences between conventional costing and ABC costing. For instance, the first and second paragraphs demonstrate the similarities and differences between conventional costing and ABC. Apart from this, the answer also points out the similarities and differences between job costing, process costing and operating costing.

Praxis Paper Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Molecules and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and Lab Report - 1

Molecules and Processes of Life Activity 6 - Cellular Respiration and the Effects of Pollutants on Its Rate - Lab Report Example s carried out using yeast and the focus of the experiment was given to the amount of gas that was being produced to determine amount of carbon dioxide in the produced gas. The gases are produced after the yeast cells carry out respiration. The experiment looked at how carbohydrates affect respiration that occurs in cells. This was investigated by addition of sugar to the yeast after the first test was carried out. The addition was aimed at production of more gas especially carbon dioxide which determined that the rate increased in cellular respiration. Pollutants in the experiment were expected to have an effect on the cellular rate of transpiration (Audesirk, Audesirk & Byers, 2006). More different pollutants were added to the yeast and the amount of carbon dioxide that was produced measured to determine the effect of the pollutants on cellular rate of transpiration. The main aim of the experiment was to determine the role of cellular respiration in the processes of life. Respiration in cells is defined as the course of energy from chemical in food is obtained and then converted to an energy form that can be utilized by living organisms in the course of living. The objectives of the experiment were to determine how the rate of cellular respiration is affected by the incidence of carbohydrates and also whether the rate was affected by pollutants (Jà ¸rgensen & Fath, 2008). Hypothesis of the experiment was that an organism will be exposed to a higher rate of cellular respiration with availability of carbohydrate than when there is no carbohydrate. Another hypothesis was that an organism will have a lower rate of cellular respiration with a source of carbohydrate and a  pollutant than when there is a source of carbohydrate and without source of pollutant. The pollutants are thought to play a role in interruptions that occur in cellular respirati on. There are two types of cellular respiration which both depend on energy. The two types of respiration include aerobic

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Criminology Assignment 4-Stanford Prison Experiment - Essay Example They were to be compensated $ 15 for a period of less than two weeks. The volunteers were then randomly chosen to either play the role of the prison guard or the role of the prisoners. The prisoners were placed in a nine by six foot cell. There were three cells, one solitary cell, prison yard and other rooms were used by prison guards and the prison warden. Prisoners would remain in their prisons for 24 hours. Guards on the hand worked on eight hour shifts and could be allowed not allowed to go home. Phillip and his team were observed the behavior of the group using hidden microphones and cameras that were placed strategically. The prisoners were arrested normally and booked the way a normal suspect would be booked. They were then blindfolded and taken to the prison. They were given prison clothes and were referred to by their prison number at the back of their clothes. The guards on the other hand were given dark glasses to minimize eye contact with the prisoners. The guards would harass the prisoners and enjoy it. Prisoners were dehumanized and given boring tasks to accomplish. The prisoners were soon taking sides and telling tales on each other to the guards in order to win favors from the guards. The guards were in total control and held the prisoners in contempt. Prisoners became submissive. As time went by the guards became more aggressive and this forced the prisoners to be more submissive. After 36 hours one prisoner was released as he showed signs of early depression. Within the sixth day the experiment had to be closed down as Phillip feared the prisoners would be mentally or physically damaged. The purpose of the study was to show that abusive prison behavior was caused by inherent personality possessed by prisoners and guards. The experiment demonstrated the role that a powerful role plays in human behavior. When the guards were given powerful roles they found themselves behaving in ways that surprised them. They treated the

An investigation of the role that the Libyan government and civil Essay

An investigation of the role that the Libyan government and civil society organization can play in facilitating the humanitarian activities of the Libyan red crescent - Essay Example The research is based on the challenges that are faced by LRC or Libyan Red Crescent in terms of providing quality service to all those victims who are affected. The Libyan Red Crescent in the recent years has been deprived of many such facilities that were provided by the civil society organizations. This in turn has resulted into more serious issues for LRC as they are finding it difficult to maintain their humanitarian activities. This study would be focused towards identifying the key issues along with the probable solutions so that the organization can achieve the stage of sustainability in its business operations. The Libyan Red Crescent organization was incorporated in the year 1957 and it comprised of 34 branches in total across Libya. The Libyan government and even the civil society organization of Libya have made the operations of this voluntary aid organization LRC worsen due to lack of support and negligence on their behalf. The primary functions of this organization have greatly been affected due to the unavailability of resources and support that was required to be extended by the Libyan Government. The research study would not be based on the total LRC organization but it would focus majorly on one branch that is Zintan branch. This branch is selected mainly because the researcher is the indigene of the town so it would enable the researcher to gather more appropriate information about the challenges faced by the organization. The major aim of this research study is to identify the possible solutions that would help the organization to enhance their activities by means of leveraging the civil society as well as Libyan government.

The Business Environment of European Union Research Paper

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