Nature vs. Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs. Nurture Essay It is a matter of concern whether human behaviors and characteristics are determined by nature or nurture. If a person’s behavior is inherited directly from the genes of his/her parents or other biological factors, then it is the nature that determines his character. But if the environment that a person grew up in, affects his behavior, then it is the nurture that determines his/her character. It became a great matter of controversy among scientists, psychologists and sociologists. Previously, many people believed that human behavior was instinctive. It can neither be taught nor learned. But later some psychologists came to the conclusion that human behavior is learned throughout the lifetime which is not instinctive. I believe that it is the combination of both nature and nurture that determine one’s characteristics. Nature only or nurture only cannot be the determining factors for one’s behavior and characteristic. A person’s behavior is determined by the equal blend of nature and nurture. Brent Staples in his essay â€Å"Black Men and Pubic Space† proves that one’s character cannot always be determined by their race which is a biological factor or one’s upbringing and society. But both the nature and the nurture affect the way one behaves, â€Å"I grew up one of the good boys, had perhaps a half dozen fistfights. In retrospect, my shyness of combat has clear sources† (Staples 315). Although the society he lived in was not good, he became a good person. It might be because of his behavior inherited from his parents and the good manner he was taught by his parents. So both nature and nurture by his parents work here and the environment of bad people didn’t affect his behavior. However, he once says that â€Å"Women are particularly vulnerable to street violence, and young black males are drastically overrepresented among the perpetrators of that violence† (Staples315). This makes the reader little confuse whether he himself is b eing racist, but he is actually trying to explain that particularly African American males commit crimes more than others because of the environment they grew up in and the choice they made. This may not be because of particularly being a black man, but because of the culture he has adopted since his childhood. Here he somehow takes the side of nurture. Many black people are assumed to be criminals. People judge them just by their appearance and the impression black people have made in today’s world. But this does not always mean that every black people are criminals and it’s  their biological factor that makes them do crimes. We can take the example of Brent Staple. Even though he was an educated and good person, many people and especially white women fear of him. But he was neither an uneducated person nor a criminal. He was brought up in a good family and properly nurtured by his parents. Therefore, nurturing became the factor for his behavior. Similarly, there are examples given by another author Amy Cunningham in her essay, â€Å"Why Women Smile†. Although she focuses primarily on a smile, she tends to explain the actual cause of one’s behavior. She explains that a smile or particularly a women’s smile comes from both natural happiness as well as the hope of people living around them,  "The behavior seems to be an equal blend of nature and nurture† (Cunningham 190). She further explains that both a normal baby and a blind baby smiles, although it may take a little longer for the blind one. It means that the smiles are natural and should not be taught in all cases. However, there are situations where people and especially women are social pressurized to smile and show a good behavior even if they don’t want to, â€Å"Evidently, a woman’s happy, willing deference is something the world wants visibly demonstrated† (Cunningham 191). It is both natural as well as nurtured along with the situations. For example: It is more likely for a child to be a doctor in the future if his dad is a doctor too. Nature plays an important role here because the intelligence of the child is inherited from his father. But if the child is not given proper care of his education or if the parents encourage him to be something rather than doctor, he may choose other professions too. If the child is given proper care and if he is psychologically prepared that he should be a doctor in the future, nature and nurture plays equal role. There are many debates still going on whether human behavior is affected by nature or nurture. Many psychologists and scientists are still researching on whether it is one’s genes or the environment that affects one’s behavior. Yes, one’s genes affect their characteristics but the environment they are cultured in also affects the way they take actions. Since childhood, people are taught moral education at school and home. They learn how to talk, behave, act and respond. These all are nurture. If they are given good lessons, they will be able to be good in the future. But if one does not get proper guidance, he will turn out to be a morally bad person. These are the examples of human behavior affected by  nurture. When we think about nature, different personality of people develops according to the genetics tendencies. For example it is likely for a person to have the habit of being aggressive if his father or his mother or any of his biological family has the same habit. Also there are many styles of talking, eating or walking that are inherited by oneâ €™s parents or biological family. Paul Theroux somehow agrees the equality of nature and nurture. In his essay â€Å"Being a Man†, he explains how nature and nurture has affected a man to be like a man. According to him a girl since her childhood is encouraged to behave in a cute way but a boy is instructed to behave roughly or so called manly, â€Å"It begins with mother encouraging little girls to say (to other adults? â€Å"Do you like my new dress?† In a sense, little girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other.† (Theroux177). This shows how a girl and a boy are nurtured differently which determines their characteristics. Healso takes the side of nature where some different behavior between men and women comes naturally, â€Å"Femininity- being lady-like-implies needing a man as witness and seducer: but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men† (Theroux177). We can know from th is that not only a nature of a girl or a boy separates each other from their behavior but also their parents or the environment or the nurturer encourage them to behave separately. Therefore, the behavior is determined by both nature and nurture. In conclusion, it can be stated that human behavior are both the result of nature and nurture. One can neither neglect the effect of biological factors one have on them nor disprove the behaviors that are affected by the environment one is living in. It is important for a person to have a good environment even if his biological parents are good in nature. Also, some characters are inherited from genes of one’s parents that might last forever although he is far from his parents. Therefore, both the nature as well as nurture has equal effect on determining human behavior. Work Cited Staples, Brent. Black Men and Public Space. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print Cunningham, Amy. Why Women Smile. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print Theroux, Paul. Being a Man. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print

Management Essays Operations Management

Management Essays Operations Management Operations Management This paper will argue the analysis of the book â€Å"The Goal† by Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff Cox. It will stress the positive and negative aspects of the book, and will discuss the criticism and which areas of the book were least interesting. The paper will also emphasize the areas of interest. The Goal is a riveting, fast-paced business novel about overcoming the barriers to making money. It has helped me better understand the fundamentals of identifying and solving problems created by constraints. After finishing the book one will be able to start successfully addressing productivity and quality problems. The authors feature some important aspects of business management; they have explained the theories in simple terms that make it appealing and logical for the readers. In this captivating business novel, which illustrates modern economic theory, Alex Rogo is a UniCo plant manager whose factory and marriage are failing. Alex Rogo manages a failing manufacturing plant, and because he dedicates most of himself to his work his marriage is difficult. When he learns from his district manager that profits must increase or the plant will be closed, Alex realizes he needs assistance. He turns to a former professor, Jonah, whom Alex discovers is now a management consultant. With his help and the help of the plant staff, Alex turns the plant around. However, in the process he also abandons many management principles that he previously thought were ironclad. To regenerate the plant, he follows advice from a vague former college professor who teaches that reduction in the efficiency of some plant operations may make the entire operation more productive. Alexs attempts to find the road to profitability and to keep his employees in the struggle involve the reader. Thankfully the authors economic models including a game with match sticks and bowls are easy to understand. Although some characters are as mysterious as the goods manufactured in the factory, others ring true. Also, the story of Alex and his wifes separation and reunion makes a touching contrast to the rest of the book. The reading is recommended for anyone with an interest in the state of America’s economy. It is energetic and interesting and offers food for thought for managers in any field of work. The performances are natural, with sound effects to enhance a picture of reality. Although it is a novel, its title is more attractive for business collections. Anyone who considers himself a manager should buy and consume this book immediately. If you are the only one in your work place to have read it, your progress to success may suddenly increase as this is one of the most exceptional business books I have ever encountered. After reading The Goal I was very impressed with the way it was written. Reading a business book in a narrative format was something I was not expecting. The narrative format caught and kept my attention throughout the entire book. That explains why it has sold over a million copies. I have since recommended this book to both my family, who manages their own business, and to my friends. It is not just as a book about business but it can help one in every aspect of life. Some of my manager friends who have started the book say that the approach to keep it away from the traditional, boring business books is wonderful and interesting. I enjoyed the fact that the authors allowed the reader figure out what Jonah (an oracle like figure) meant before Alex got it. I felt it did take Alex a long time to understand; and it seemed as though there were some basic changes in his plant that the amateur eye could see but over all, I have nothing but praise for this book. If it was not for Jonah arriving at the plant one could have assumed that Jonah was the subconscious of Alex Rogo and that he had the answers the whole time. I felt that The Goal did an excellent job leaving an open ended question and showing that life is indeed a process of ongoing improvement. Let me explain some of the many levels on which this novel is important. First, the book shows how to view businesses as systems better then any other business book on the market. It compares important works as a guide to constraints and well defines them in everyday life. The metaphor of how to speed up a slow-moving group of boy scouts will be beneficial to anyone who has done any hiking with a group. Second, the book helps you learn how to progress the performance of an organization by providing you with a replicable process that you can apply to analyzing any human or engineering system. The main metaphor is improving a manufacturing process but the same principles apply more broadly to other circumstances. Third, you will experience the power of the Socratic Method as a way to encourage your mind to learn and to use Socratic questions to stimulate the minds of others to become better thinkers. Fourth, the authors use problem simulation as a realistic way to help you experience t he learning process they are advocating. And last, the book is good in bringing home the consequences of allowing your business processes to run in a cycle. Eli Goldratt truly has a modern approach not only to management but also in teaching his theory. The Goal is about the ongoing struggle of a manufacturing plant manger as he searches for a way to save his plant from being shut down. With the leadership of an old high school physics professor Jonah, he develops a tactic to make his factory run more efficiently and become more beneficial. The theory of constraints is a simple theory that is usually the most effective and unnoticed. Goldratt understood that no matter how simple the theory is to comprehend, it would not be as successful unless it was deeply understood. If he were to simply set rules in a textbook style format as to how to approach a constraint, the chances of long-run improvement would be slim. Since business is in a steady stage of change, the constraints within them must also change. Unless the manager has a true comprehension of the theory they will be unable to adjust the environment to the changes to remain successf ul. This book was enormously effective in delivering its message and educating readers on management and accounting theories. Through the text, author Eli M. Goldratt introduces and explains the Theory of Constraints. His main character, Alex Rogo, and Rogos team of plant executives must save a declining production plant by increasing throughput and cutting operational costs. He uses the characters to guide readers through the thought process behind the theory as the characters ask questions and search for answers. Readers are given time to consider these questions and form ideas before the answers to the theory are given. Students can carefully consider all the information and weigh all possibilities to form their own opinions at times his theories become too complex and conflicting. Goldratt has been an especially productive author in recent years. Goldratt has written a novel in which he provides an analysis of those concepts as applied in a imaginary company. He has a cast of characters, a plot, and a context. He relies greatly on conversation to advance the narrative. At times these advanced narratives can be confusing for a new reader, but he tries to explain the theories in an easy and understandable manner. As in any other well-written novel, The Goal examines issues in dispute that create conflicts. Ultimately they are resolved, even if somewhat too neatly. Although of greatest relevance to manufacturing companies, Goldratts Theory of Constraints with suitable modifications can also be of extensive value to other companies with bottlenecks that also delay and often disrupt a process of some kind. The Theory of Constraints portion was a bit put down and the romance line was a little tedious, but all in all it was a decent read. The Goal is a business management book which tries to explain the theory of constrain in a manner that hasn’t been done before. The author’s way of explanation is different and does not feel like a business book, instead gives the feeling of a novel. This new way of narration can at times feel complicated, as it makes a person loss touch with the business and management, and make them involved with the interpersonal conflicts of the book. The Goal introduces the Theory of Constraints, is changing how America does business. The Goal is a fascinating, business novel about overcoming the barriers to making money. It helps to learn the basics of identifying and solving the problems created by constraints. From the moment you finish the book you will be able to start successfully addressing chronic productivity and quality problems. This theory provided a persuasive solution for factories struggling with production delays and low revenues. Theory of Constraints is strange but can be the best resource for organizations that have established improvement. The simplicity of the ideas Goldratt places on constraints helps him teach his ideas. He helps us define our organizational goals and the concepts of productivity throughput, inventory, and operational cost. Jonah the teacher makes Alex and his staff the students discover the questions and answers they have been searching for to save their factory. This work is incredible for any new business manager. It is also a very common sense and basic approach to describing some of the major problems of the manufacturing organization. These problems are easily overlooked when dissecting financial reports. An extraordinarily effective novel for learning management, this novel succeeds in being exceptional at so many levels that it could receive a multiple of five stars. It is difficult to picture a management book in novel form ever approaching this one in usefulness. Most people will learn more that they can apply from this book about management than many learn to apply from an M.B.A. The central story is built around the dilemmas facing Alex Rogo, a newly appointed plant manager. The plant can not seem to ship, its losing money, and bad things can happen to good people if all this does not change soon. Alex is at a loss for what to do until he pulls out a cigar that Jonah had recently given him. That cigar reminds him to contact Jonah for help. From there, the path to revival begins. Unlike many books that take complex ideas and oversimplify them so the ideas lose their meaning, this book simplifies ideas in ways that boost their meaning. They do this by making the ideas easier to view and employ. If you do not understand about typical factory accounting, you may get a little lost from time to time; but that is not a problem. The accounting just alters common awareness of what needs to be done. Companies that do not put an asset charge on operational assets could make the mistake from this book of seeking too little earnings. Companies need to earn on-going returns that surpass the cost of capital, too. The greatest success from this book is The Fifth Discipline following it. The discussion of the beer game simulation in The Fifth Discipline will add to the comprehension of system dynamics. Elis character as a slaughterer of sacred cows began in 1979 when the beginning of his computerized scheduling system disproved the legend that fixed scheduling does not work. This work led to the awareness that the present measurements used on the shop floor are a major stumbling block to improvement and led to the almost unavoidable next development step. But when he attacked Cost Accounting as enemy number one of productivity, he should have produced great conflict. Instead, Eli was sincerely welcomed by both manufacturing and financial people. Many companies are now discarding efficiencies and questioning other uses of cost accounting for making decisions. Today Elis process of ongoing improvement is increasingly accepted as a powerful, practical holistic approach in which other methods such as MRP, Just in Time, Statistical Process Control are synergistically matched. It seems suitable that a man characterized as unconventional but also full of common sense should mask The Goal, a manufacturing textbook, as a novel or, as some say, a love story. It is also appropriate that it should become an underground best seller in boardrooms, universities and on the factory floor. Eli Goldratt demonstrates his intellect both as a scholar and as a teacher with The Goal. The operational ideas that he presents are innovative in their practicality and common-sense approach. These concepts, jointly described as Theory of Constraints have closed the loop for prepared thinking and problem solving. This has lead to a change in this thinking that connected the departments into chains and emphasized up-stream suppliers and down-stream consumers. Where these short falls were in looking at the productivity of the entire chain and providing a problem solving method for continuously improving that productivity, Theory of Constraints provides a problem solving method as well as an executive approach that drives ongoing improvement in any business. The business novel approach is very attractive as a delivery and teaching method. Most of us struggle through the yearly crop of dry business texts that are commonly uninspiring. This book is presented with a storytellers obsession for detail, while still driving the key points of the theory. Every organization can gain from the concepts presented in The Goal. Implementation is not costly, unlike other improvement fads. Theory Of Constraints shows you, the manager, how to hub on what is really important in your operation, in spite of your daily fire drills. In conclusion, â€Å"The Goal† by Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff Cox is a business text camouflaged as a novel. It is a remarkable cast of actors that dramatizes a charming tale of discovery and freedom. In the story the manager of a troubled plant learns from a mathematician turned consultant that many of his management practices and financial assumptions are faulty. After he retools his thinking, he convinces everyone at the factory to get with the new program. The storys flow is slowed by irrelevant dialogue and subplots, but it is still a good story and a appealing format for serving up the authors messagethat businesses weighed down by archaic habits can be wildly beneficial when fresh mathematical methods are used courageously. References Mathematics books, last viewed: 20th May’04 http://mathematicsbooks.org/Business_Economics_Finance_Theory.html

Rights of Old People in New Zealand

Rights of Old People in New Zealand Nirpreet Kaur Brar ABSTRACT The main purpose of the report is to tell about the rights of the old people with common geriatric health conditions. It tells about the needs of the individuals and how they can meet with them. It also describes the codes of the practice and standards related to common geriatric health conditions for example Dementia etcetera. INTRODUCTION All the countries are facing the problems with elderly related to geriatric health conditions. In New Zealand ageing population placing an increased demand of support services. DHB’s have a need to provide the services for the older people in which they are treated so that they can make the best use of staff and high cost facilities. To provide good services to the old people it requires all the services and practitioners who are working with the old people should have holistic and client centred approach and also should have the understanding about the work. THE TASK Question 1 Critically review and discuss the principles involved in the person-centred approach to dementia and other common geriatric health condition’s care, with respect to the following: ANSWER: (1) Individuality: Culture change is a very long-term effort. It starts when analysing individual, team or organisation practice for identifying areas which requires development. About individual assumptions should never be made. They should never have to be fit in with you or your employer. Individuals should be supported and allowed for make their own choices. For every individual support and care needs should be tailored. This shows respect by preserving the individual’s dignity and individuality. Their personal beliefs should be respected. (2) Independence: You should allow the individuals to whom you are supporting to do things for themselves. You should take time to enable the individuals you are supporting to be independent. Don’t do things for them because it is quicker. Support them for doing things that they can do or almost they do because independence makes the people feel in control of their lives and gives them a sense of self-worth. (3) Privacy: you should understand the needs of the client related to privacy and support them in a way you work. (4) Choice: Every individual to whom you support and give care should allow making their own choices. They should be given information so that they can make choices. (5) Dignity: Dignity is that when we respected then what we feel that is important in society and in their lives. When individuals are eating, shopping, sleeping they should be dignified. The support workers should help them to do so. (6) Respect: You should support an individual in a way in which they are comfortable and what they believe is important related to their age, culture, sexuality etcetera. When you are working with other people or professionals you should not ignore your clients to whom you support. You should always include them in your conversation. (7) Rights: The individuals to whom you are caring and supporting should have the same rights as they were having at the time when they were independent. Each individual have the right to say no and the right to ask about the way in which you care and support them. They should have the right what to eat, what to wear and how to wear. They should have the right to make the friends of their own choice and how much time and how they spend with them. (8) Autonomy: With other professionals for working in partnership with colleagues, families and carers is an essential part to provide care and support. Person-centred care and support is about a whole range of people who are working together for improving the lives of individuals. Question 2 Critically review the non-person-centred approach to dementia and other common geriatric health condition’s care, from the Answer: (1) Institution perspective: People are not disease-specific. Through a quality and safety perspective, there is good reason for arguing for healthcare to be centred on patients or on people. It was argued that from medical error major reason for the high level of morbidity and mortality in many nations is due to healthcare being system-centred and doctor-centred. The involvements of patients and their families in healthcare, or patient-centred and family centred care, are now recognised to be an important partnership approach in ensuring the quality and safety of healthcare delivery .However, people with the highest health needs are often those who miss out on healthcare and, thus, can be identified neither as patients nor consumers. We argue that people-centred care ensures that healthcare is not only safe, but appropriate and accessible for all people (2) Bio-medical perspective: For scientific inquiry traditional approaches in a positivistic paradigm are relied on to maintain a distance between the phenomenon of interest and the researcher in a quest to reveal â€Å"truth† or a high degree of certainty. The researcher designs a study carefully for maximizing the distance through maintaining a neutral context-free approach and degree of objectivity. In the essence, the researchers attempts to hold themselves over and against a phenomenon, assuming a bird’s-eye view from a predetermined vantage point. Methodologically, control and manipulation of determinants of study variables are emphasized. By using such experimental approaches, a handful of neuroscientists have launched the AD movement in the 1960s, which results in rapid growth in four major areas of dementia research and practice. Question 3 Critically evaluate and discuss at least five of the following range of techniques used to meet the fluctuating abilities and needs of individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions to maintain their health and wellbeing. Answer: (1) Reality-orientation approach Reality orientation has helped in declining the popularity over many years. Validation therapy emphasizes on the feelings that are behind the behaviors and statements. It emphasizes on the persons for talking about the reality in which they are in. Good reality orientation can result in a harsh imposition of the real reality and a good response to a question. Poor reality response results in bad response. The people using reality orientation must apply sensitivity and wisdom. In clinical experience both reality orientation and validation therapy understanding is immensely beneficial. Most beneficial response can be used according to person’s emotion state, personality and situation. (2) Validation approach: Validation is a method to interact with people who have dementia in the last stage of Alzheimer’s disease. People with last stage of Alzheimer’s disease exhibit abnormal behavior. For example they think that they are living in a different place or they may continuously repeat a physical gesture. Many people for example professionals think that caregivers should stop this type of behavior by stopping it or by correcting it. According to validation method this behavior is an attempt by the Alzheimer’s patient for communicating and expressing their needs. The main aim of the validation approach is to understand and emphasizes on the needs of the person trying to express. So the theory behind this method is the belief that the people with dementia do and say something for a reason. The validation in their words and actions is a way to encourage them to keep communication open with rest of the world. Other principle of validation states the o lder people are to be valued as is and those who have dementia should not be changed. Principles behind the validation approach:- Validation is the method to communicate with and to disorient the very old people which results in reducing the stress, enhancing dignity and increasing happiness. Validation practitioners are taught to be caring and judgmental and open to the feelings expressed by patient. This theory understands the patients who are in final stage of life they try to resolve unfinished issues in order to die in peace. (3) Holistic Approach:- When someone who reaches the later stages of a dementia-related illness such as Alzheimer s disease, to give care to them can be much for one person, even if others pitch in. People with dementia lose their ability to function in a certain progression, although there may be individual differences, First is the inability for doing independent daily living activities such as driving, paying bills, or taking medications. After that, essential daily functions such as eating, bathing, or using the bathroom independently become very difficult for them. This loss of function happens in different ways for different people, but in some instances, it can occur very quickly. Before your loved one reaches the point to need full-time care, you need to have a firm plan in place. That s where Memory Care comes in. The memory care is the third component of Erickson Living comprehensive Memory Support program. The first component is memory fitness designed for the people wanti ng their memory sharp. Memory health is a third component which is for the people who are in the later stage and who need support. (4) Assistive technologies: Assistive technology refers to a device or system which enables an individual to perform a task which they cannot perform independently and it increases the ease in which they can perform their task safely. It includes the device for helping the people who have problems in:- Speaking Hearing Eyesight Moving out Getting out and around Memory Cognition Socialising Daily living activities for example dressing and preparing meals Assistive technology helps in:- Promoting independence and autonomy to the person with dementia as well as to whom who are around Helping to manage potential risks in and around home Reducing early entry into care homes and hospitals Facilitating memory and recall Reducing the stress on carers, improving quality of life for them, and also with the person who have dementia. The technology available is:- (1)Memory aids Reminder messages Clocks and calendars Meditation aids Locater devices Aids for reminiscence and leisure (2)Telecare Floods Extreme temperatures Gas Falls Absence from a bed or chair Getting up in the night Leaving the home (5) Alternative therapies: The term complementary and alternative therapy includes many diverse forms of treatment. Complementary and alternative therapies are a high range of treatments that are outside of conventional medicine and which are used for treating and preventing illness and promoting health and well-being. Practitioners of complementary therapies are not much trained for diagnosing disease. The area of complementary and alternative medicine is controversial and it changes regularly. The therapies that are considered complementary or alternative in one country that may be considered conventional in another. Therapies that are now considered alternative that may become more mainstream over time, as researcher discover their effectiveness and become integrated into mainstream health care practice. Some of the complementary and alternative therapies are now available on the NHS, although this varies from region to region. Question-4 Critically analyse and discuss the impacts of equality, and cultural and diversity issues on the provision of the person-centred approach to individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions within Answer (1) public health and health promotion Cultural competency is at the core of high quality, patient-cantered care, and it directly impacts how care is delivered and received. According to the Institute of Medicine’s report, Unequal Treatment Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare, a consistent body of research indicates a lack of culturally competent care directly contributes to poor patient outcomes, reduced patient compliance, and increased health disparities, regardless of the quality of services and systems available. In addition to improving care quality and patient satisfaction, delivering culturally competent care increases job satisfaction and contributes to staff retention. Impacts include:- Families may not know the right questions to ask regarding service offered within the organization, limits on what the organization can do for the residents/patients, resources that are available, or how they engage those resources. Families do not or cannot—for cultural or linguistic reasons—discuss their expectations with the organization. Families may find it hard to visit and participate in programs with residents, especially if they do not have access to transportation. Volunteerism is not part of the value system in some ethno-cultural communities, and adult children may not be interested in participating in social and cultural activities with residents. Without the encouragement and support of community partners, organizations face challenges in meeting the needs of residents from recently arrived or smaller ethno-cultural or religious groups. Regulatory requirements may restrict the degree to which organizations can adapt their current practices to accommodate ethnic groups with different perspectives and backgrounds. Attitudes to health and demand for healthcare Staff expects promptness Staff expects compliance Staff takes paternal approach Staff disrespects non-traditional healing practices Staff does not consider residents’/patients’ conflict regarding familiar belief systems and current practices Staff does not keep an open mind Question-5 Critically analyse and discuss the impacts that health sector standards and codes of practice, and other published standards have on the person-centred practice approach for individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. Answer: Healthcare Quality Professionals are defined as a standard of conduct deep-rooted in commitment, confidentiality, and relationships. By committing to improvement of performance and by integrity maintenance, the Healthcare Quality Professional can recognize the personal accountability and moral obligation to all customers which are served—clients, employers, employees, organisations, physicians, and the public. Healthcare Quality Professionals promote the profession’s dignity are committed to practicing the profession with integrity, honesty, and accountability. To respect all laws and to refuse to participate in or conceal any unethical, false, fraudulent, or deceptive activity:- †¢ to practice the profession with honesty, integrity, and accountability †¢ maintaining the level of competency as outlined in the Standards of Practice for Healthcare Quality Professionals †¢ seeking the trust and confidence of all customers †¢ supporting the Standards of Practice for Healthcare Quality Professionals †¢ respecting all laws and avoiding involvement in any false, fraudulent, or deceptive activity †¢ promoting the right of privacy for all individuals and protecting the maintenance of confidential information to the fullest extent permitted by law †¢ using expertise to inform employers or clients of possible positive and negative outcomes of management decisions in an effort to facilitate informed decision making †¢ giving credit for the work of others to whom it is due †¢ aiding the professional development and advancement of colleagues †¢ using the Certified Professional in Healthcare Quality (CPHQ) designation only after passing the written examination, adhering to standards established by the Healthcare Quality Certification Board (HQCB) and continuing to maintain those standards through the recertification process †¢ maintaining membership in professional organizations as a means of promoting quality and professional growth and avoiding the use of such membership for the sole purpose of solicitation of business or for personal financial gain. †¢ Healthcare Quality Professionals’ primary commitment is to the health, wellbeing, and safety of patients. They must take appropriate actions regarding any instances of incompetent, unethical, illegal, or impaired practice. They work to promote cultural change that encourages the reporting of events that may result in actual or potential harm to patients or others. Standards of practice:- †¢ maintains active personal and professional development programs in the field of healthcare quality and exhibits a broad range of knowledge †¢ creates and supports an environment that fosters teamwork, emphasizes quality, recognizes the customer, and promotes learning †¢ maintains a commitment to the improvement of the professional through participation in, and active support of, the local, state, and national professional organizations †¢ addresses concerns and takes formal actions to resolve or report the unethical or questionable practices to the appropriate channels. †¢ Supports the Code of Ethics for Healthcare Quality Professionals RECOMMENDATIONS Good services should be provided to the patients suffering from dementia and othe geriatric conditions. There should be good codes of ethics and standards of practice for the people and they must be followed. Conclusion The group believed that good management services are necessary for every patient. There should be suitable principles for providing care and support to the patient. REFRENCES Ministry of health: guideline for specialist health services for older people (2004).Retrieved fromhttps://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/guidelines.doc Person centre support retrieved from https://www.health.vic.gov.au>Dementia-friendly environments. Strategies The international journal of person cantered medicine (2012) Retrieved from https://www.tpk.govt.nz/_/wo-nzjouneytowardspeoplecentredcare.pdf Using reality orientation in the treatment of people with Alzheimer’s disease ( may 2014) Retrieved from https://www.Alzheimer’s.about.com>>Treatment options Diversity and culture competency in healthcare settings Retrieved from https://www.matherlifewaysinstituteonaging.com//Diversity-and-Cultural-Com... Codes of ethics and standards of practice Retrieved from http://www.nahq.org/uploads/files/about/condestandards.pdf

Cloning Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Cloning For hundreds of years man has wondered what it would be like to clone human beings. With the idea of cloning comes many different opinions and positions. The idea of creating an army of "super humans" has long been a dream of many people. Others have feared what would happen to the world if cloning were possible and if cloning is morally correct. Overall, religion and ethics play a vital role in the both of these viewpoints and greatly effect many positions on the topic of cloning. In February of 1997 Dr. Ian Wilmut, a 52-year-old embryologist at the Roslin Institute in dinburgh announced the cloning of a lamb named Dolly 1. He had replaced the genetic material of sheep's egg with the DNA from an adult sheep. The findings of Dr. Wilmut immediately created many new controversial questions. None were as controversial as: Will they apply this to humans as well? According to Dr. Wilmut, the answer was "there is no reason in principle why you couldn't do it"(clone humans), but he added, "All of us would find that offensive."2 From the viewpoint of those in favor of cloning human beings do not see it as morally, or ethically wrong. Many see it as an opportunity to have children, or possibly to "re-create" a child who is dying from a terminal illness. Many infertile couples are worried that they would never have the chance to someday have children through new technology that would be brought about through cloning. Others believe that it is an invasion of personal freedoms because the government may try to dictate what a person can do to their body. Anita Manning, a writer for USA TODAY revealed another argument in favor ... ...n, Daniel. "A Step Too Far." 23. 3 Manning, Anita. "Pressing a 'Right' to Clone Humans." p1D. 4 Glassman, James. "Should we Fear Dolly?" Sec A p17. 5 Anyonomous. "World Wide: Clinton Proposed" Sec A p1. Works Cited: - Anonymous, "Trials and Triumphs in the History of Cloning," Successful Farming 97 (1999) S28 - S30. - Anonymous. "World Wide: Clinton Proposed" Wall Street Journal 10 Jun 1997: Sec A p1. - Callahan, Daniel. "A Step Too Far," New York Times 26 Feb 1997: Sec A, p23. - Chase, Chevy. "Dealing with Dolly: Inside the National Bioethics Advisory Commission," Health Affairs 17 (1998): 264 - 267. - Glassman, James K. "Should we Fear Dolly?" The Washington Post. 25 Feb 1997: Sec A p17. - Manning, Anita. "Pressing a 'Right' to Clone Humans." USA Today. 6 Mar 1997: p01 D.

Economic Conditions of Japan :: Business Economics Globalization

Economic Conditions of Japan Japan is currently in an economic recession. We can see that the value of the yen is falling; unemployment is rising, and purchasing of durable goods is down. This unhealthy state of economy has progressively become bleaker over the years. Many believe that the start of the slump was due to the economic bubble in the late 1980’s when low rates encouraged an inordinately large amount of investment. When a country has an elevated investment rate, large amounts of capital stock are purchased. This means that an elevated rate of investment must be maintained in order to accommodate for the high levels of depreciation. In the early 1990’s when investment began to slip asset values imploded. As a result, banks were making bad loans. The Japanese government was not quick to react, and by 1998 many major banks were on the verge of collapse. To try to combat the trend of failing banks, the Bank of Japan Governor, Masaru Hayami, started a â€Å"zero interest rate policy† in 1999. This move built confidence in Japanese banks and the Japanese economy. However, this positive reform did not last. Banks were not using this recovery policy to write off their bad loans. They also did not get rid of very risky stock market shares. Hayami became fed up with the actions of the banks and raised interest rates in August of 2000. Then when the stock market began falling, those risky shares that the banks owned caused them to lose even more money. So now the country is a facing a major problem: what to do about the losses experienced the stock market and from default loans. In the worst-case scenario calculated by Merrill Lynch credit analyst Koyo Ozeki, banks would have to write off more than 70 trillion yen in loan losses. In order to do that, banks would have to pull the plug on thousands of deadbeat borrowers. This would be devastating to the unemployment rate. Japan’s unemployment rate is currently at 4.9%, which is a postwar high for the country. This is due in part to the number of workers losing their jobs. Another big part of the increase in unemployment is due to the increase in the labor force. Economic Conditions of Japan :: Business Economics Globalization Economic Conditions of Japan Japan is currently in an economic recession. We can see that the value of the yen is falling; unemployment is rising, and purchasing of durable goods is down. This unhealthy state of economy has progressively become bleaker over the years. Many believe that the start of the slump was due to the economic bubble in the late 1980’s when low rates encouraged an inordinately large amount of investment. When a country has an elevated investment rate, large amounts of capital stock are purchased. This means that an elevated rate of investment must be maintained in order to accommodate for the high levels of depreciation. In the early 1990’s when investment began to slip asset values imploded. As a result, banks were making bad loans. The Japanese government was not quick to react, and by 1998 many major banks were on the verge of collapse. To try to combat the trend of failing banks, the Bank of Japan Governor, Masaru Hayami, started a â€Å"zero interest rate policy† in 1999. This move built confidence in Japanese banks and the Japanese economy. However, this positive reform did not last. Banks were not using this recovery policy to write off their bad loans. They also did not get rid of very risky stock market shares. Hayami became fed up with the actions of the banks and raised interest rates in August of 2000. Then when the stock market began falling, those risky shares that the banks owned caused them to lose even more money. So now the country is a facing a major problem: what to do about the losses experienced the stock market and from default loans. In the worst-case scenario calculated by Merrill Lynch credit analyst Koyo Ozeki, banks would have to write off more than 70 trillion yen in loan losses. In order to do that, banks would have to pull the plug on thousands of deadbeat borrowers. This would be devastating to the unemployment rate. Japan’s unemployment rate is currently at 4.9%, which is a postwar high for the country. This is due in part to the number of workers losing their jobs. Another big part of the increase in unemployment is due to the increase in the labor force.

Review of Related Literature Essay

When you scroll down your playlist, do you encounter the word â€Å"Genre† on the list? Do you what does Genre mean? According to Dictionary.com (2005) it is a class or category of artistic endeavor having a particular form, content technique, or like: the genre of epic poetry; the genre of symphonic music. Genre has different categories; these include Blues, Classical, Country, Electronic, Folk, Jazz, New Age, Reggae and Rock. Gravell, D. (2011). We, Filipinos also have our own category. Do you what it is? Guessed it right, it’s OPM (Original Pilipino Music). OPM is anything that’s performed by a Filipino artist.There are also new genres that made their way on the year 2012. On the list are Drill, Trap, Hipster House, Ratchet, Queer Rap, Tumblr-wave and Sea punk. Wagner, D (2012) Yes, they have weird names. Artists tend to experiment and invent new genres so expect every year with sprouting genres of great differences. Who couldn’t make music without singers behind it? With their names, who wouldn’t know these male artists like Tinie Tempah, Taio Cruz, Wiz Khalifa, Pitbull, Akon, Justin Bieber, Eminem, Bruno Mars Enrique Inglesias and Usher? Ayaz, M. (2012) How about songstresses like Ke$ha, Jennifer Lopez, Beyonce, Adele, Britney Spears, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Shakira and Lady Gaga are they familiar? Ayaz, M. (2012) These noise makers paved their way to music industry and are now chart toppers including fresh names like One Direction, Cher Lloyd, David Choi, Jireh Lim and many more. I bet you can name songs made by mentioned artists. Since we are talking about music, what can music do to its listeners, majorly teenagers? It can only end up into 2 results, the good and the bad result. Looking on the bright side, it can connect two people of the same undertakings. An example of it is Eminem, a rapper. He usually tells his personal troubles by rapping it. People who listen to it and are stuck at the same situation can relate and the song itself can give hope to the listeners. On the other hand, it also has its negativities. For instances, rapper, Wiz Khalifa shares a song that depicts drugs and intercourse, without being aware that there are listeners with age groups below 13 it can influence them. It can give off the urge to use drugs and enlarge egos which is a bad thing. Whatever the message of the song, good or bad, it ends up to the listeners mind and affect them. Mariam, S. (2012) Besides Psychological effects, music has its health benefits. One of its benefits is pain management. Music is a perfect way to divert your attention to pain. Another one is that it can reduce stress. Listening to calm and soothing music can be a simple way to relieve stress. It can also boost ones immune system. Research shows that if one listens to opera music it can regulate peripheral immune system. If one listens jumpy and active music, it can be ones encouragement to do exercise. An example of this is when one listens to music and jives with the beat, exercise is already done. You think singing lullabies at night is childish, well think again. Music can promote sleep and sedatives especially that light and slow music. Getting sick of the same beat you hear all over again? Well, people have their ways to discover new music. According to Nielsen (2012) Radio is still the dominant way people discover music (48%)- followed by tips from our friends and relatives (10%), and YouTube (7%), but more teens listen to music through YouTube than any other source (64%) – followed by radio (56%) and iTunes (53%) and CDs (50%) – Due to the advancing technology, the use of internet, specifically the website YouTube, have been the big players when it comes to music sharing. Although a lot of complains from artists about YouTube being a fuel for piracy, it still continues its way as a website.

The history of unions in America

The history of unions in America has seen a rich and contentious past. The Knights of Labor was the first major union in America, attracting nearly 750,000 members at the height of its popularity but did not have the lasting power to remain relevant in the American labor movement (Commanger, 1947, p 39) With the formation of the American Federation of Labor by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the American worker now had a strengthened voice when bargaining with their employers.   However, this new founded power and influence would not come easily.The Pullman Strike of 1894 as well as the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist factor in 1911 showed to the plight that the American worker had still to overcome.(Burns, 1999) This occurred at a time when the exploitation of the American worker was at its height. Millions of unskilled immigrants were coming from Central and Eastern Europe, not being able to speak the language and consenting to any job that they were willing to obtain.The formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914 helped recognize the importance and influence that the American worker had on the economy of the country, and therefore, its future success. (Commanger, 1947, p. 78)   The AFL would further increase its power with the 1955 merger of the other great labor union in America, the Congress of Industrial Organizations or the CIO, formed by labor leader John L. Lewis. Together, they were able to pool their resources and collective strength and now, there are nine million members of the AFL- CIO and up until the last decade, their power in collective bargaining for its workers had been strong but now face new and daunting challenges into the new century.The history of trade unions can be found as far back as in the lives and ideology of the Pilgrims and Puritans of the early 17th century. It was they who gave to this country, the idea of hard work being a virtue and a reward from God and that a strong work ethic, or Protest ant Work Ethic; a term given to American culture by Sociologist Max Weber in 1905 to explain the affluent society that America was now able to offer.During this time and into the American Revolution, unions of various workers, from craftsmen to cabinet makers and cobblers constituted very primitive, but existing unions which were designed to help protect the interest of the worker over the merchant and ruling classes. One of the first notable strikes in American history was the 1974 New York strike of printers who lobbied for higher pay and shorter hours. There were strikes in Philadelphia in 1776 and in Boston in 1799; all over some of the most basic rights that the workers felt that they were entitled to under the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† clause in the Constitution.These efforts to organize were mostly ineffective but most importantly, reflected the need and desire for the worker to have his rights protected against the exploitation of the ruling and merchant class. The exploitation of the worker, as is seen today, is simply not just one receiving a low wage but any wage that is in disproportion to the amount that his services is worth.The first union seen in America was the Nation Labor Union in 1866.(Gillian, 1998. p. 87) The Union was able to persuade Congress to pass an eight hour work day law for federal workers. The law would require a great deal of expanding if it were to meet the requirements of the other 99% of America’s workers.   This would not be seen until the start of the 20th century, but as it is the case with most things in history, progress made today, was steeped in the struggles of the past. The labor union was no exception.The Knights of Labor was formed in 1869 and was the first major union with a lasting power in American history. At its peak, the Knights of Labor boasted a membership of 750,000. This was because there were no restrictions put on the membership of white and black, male and female and skilled and unsk illed workers.( Commanger, 1947. p. 39)Terrance Powdery and the Knights, for the brief time that they were able to remain organized, remained a political force in the country. However, due to the riff that was being caused by skilled and unskilled workers as well as the riot in Haymarket Square in 1886 Chicago, the influence of the Knights declined steadily.(Miller, 2001, p. 178) One that was to replace the influence of the Knights, the American Federation of Labor, was able to eclipse the power and influence of all labor unions that have come before and with the merger with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955, all labor unions in America since.The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, remains the most important union in America, 120 years after it was first founded.(Johnson, 2001) Gompers, who first became involved in the struggle for equality among the workers, was a leader of his local union and of the national Cigar Makers Union. While wor king in the cigar shops, in order to escape from the boredom of the job, began to read and educate himself ob all aspects of trade, the past exploitation of the worker and how it would be to organize these same workers in order to collectively pool, the strengths of the workers in this country.Also, the industrialization of America, as being a direct contributor of the Industrial revolution, now had a surplus in the demand for unskilled labor, designed only to feed and operate the machines that monotonously turned out the product on a much wider scale than ever previously imagined.   This is represented in an aspect of the mission statements of the AFL. †The various trades have been affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of women’s and children’s labor and the lack of apprentice system-so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of the pauper labor.† (Johnson, 2001) The AFL later declared: â€Å"To p rotect the skilled labor of America from being reduced to beggary and to sustain the standard of American workmanship and skill, the trade unions of America have been established.† (Peters, 1991 p. 328) This remained their mission statement, even into their merger with the CIO in 1955.One of the first representations of the need for such a union was in the 1894 Pullman Strike on the south side of Chicago.(Jones, 1972 p. 462) This was the second largest strike in the 19th century and one that at the start of the strike, had a lot of promise regarding the possibility for change. Even though the strike was not directly related to the AFL, it showed the hopelessness and powerless pessimism that the workers had regarding their inability to collectively bargain for what they felt was their due rights.The Pullman Company was involved in the building of Pullman sleeper cars for the railroad companies. The workers were not paid in American dollars but in script in order to buy their ne eded supplies at the company stores and pay rent for the housing to the company as well. â€Å"When George Pullman lowered wages in relation to the 1893 Depression, yet did not lower the rents or the prices at the stores, the workers went in strike. In response, the government swore in 3,400 special deputies, President Cleveland called in the federal troops and the strike was put down with the workers gaining nothing that they had wanted.† (Jones, 1972 p. 464) The strike had turned out to be a complete failure for the workers.The strike did serve as a victory for the government as injunctions were now being used with a greater frequency as an effective legal weapon against union organizing and strikes.   Another event in American History that had tragic consequences but which led to the formation of a strengthened union in America was the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This occurred on March 25, 1911.(Burns, 1999)   Many strikes, some led by the AFL, were being organiz ed all across the city of New York.Their demands were the result of the exploitation of the immigrant workers, mostly women and children who were being exploited to a degree than a modern American society would find hard to comprehend. A strike which failed in its objectives, had transpired in the immediate weeks before the fire. As a result of the attempted strike, the factory owners locked the doors to the factory and covered up the windows as to eliminate the number of distractions to the immediate work of the immigrants as well as a lesser ability to discuss and organize another strike. Only twenty minutes before the workers were to go home, a fire broke out on the 8th floor of the factory.The workers were trapped and instead of being burnt up in the fire, many chose to jump to their deaths. Women held the hands of their co workers, shut their eyes and jumped together, only to bounce off the pavement, dead!† (Burns, 1999)   This horrific event led to the formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914.(Byrne, 2006) Both of these were formed at the request and influence of the AFL which was then enjoying an increase in their strength and authority among the political circles.This is due to the fact of the greater industrialization of the American economy as well as a mass influx of immigrant workers coming to America from Central and Eastern Europe in order to escape oppressive economies and societies within their former homes. Many of these workers did not speak English as did many of the former   mass influx of immigrants do in the middle of the 19th century and who had become established at this time.   A large majority of these workers were unskilled laborers, thus had even less power and influence to bargain on an individual basis with the improvement of their individual rights before the passage of the Clayton Act.Therefore, the AFL had a now greater ability to influence for the betterment of its members, impr oved working conditions. The Clayton Act served as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the entire history of the American labor movement. The Act made it illegal to treat the worker as simply a commodity for financial gain above his worth as a human being.This increased the social standing and importance of the worker but also, excluded him from the provisions of the Sherman Anti Trust Act which had served as the legal basis for injunctions against union organized strikes.(Commanger, 1947 p. section 3 p. 43) The Clayton Act also gave the right to the worker to peacefully protest, form strikes and boycotts and dramatically limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes. The 1st amendment to the Constitution had been long ignored when it said that a citizen had the right to peacefully assemble. In the years leading up to the passage of the Clayton Act, the American worker was not allowed to peacefully assemble as their rights as seen in the Pullman Strike and in the p revention of any further strikes in the garment industry in New York City, was prevented. The importance of the Clayton Act was accurately detailed when AFL founder and President Gompers referred the act as the Magna Carta. It was indeed.In the 1920’s a decade that was seen as a time of great progress in American society, was a tougher time for the American industrial worker. The 1920’s was a time when unemployment rose quietly and the American worker, especially the American farmer, found himself faced with the daily problem of having to feed his family from the product of his own labor. The post WWI era brought wages down sharply and the membership numbers for unions decreased sharply as the major unions lost nearly a million members from 1920-1923 (Keeler, 1982 p. 87)Also, due to the scare that came over America, not to be bested until the 1950’s, the fear that the Communist revolution, which had taken place in the Soviet Union in 1917, and feared infiltratio n into American industry, was the source for suspicion from the American public as they looked into the unions of that day. Strikebreaking and blacklisting of those who did strike or who talked or striking, was now seen as a patriotic defense of the country. â€Å"The yellow dog contract which workers had to sign in order to then be considered for a job by their employer, bound them to never join a union’ at the same time, these large corporations promoted employees representation plans or company unions-pale and generally useless imitations of real unions.† (Keeler, 1982 p. 91) In order to get a job, one had to be assured that they had no ties to unions and fees that were paid under the table to the employer, was the only way in which one could hope to even be considered for employment.The influence of the unions enjoyed resurgence when the AFL joined forces with the Committee for Industrial Organization, later known as the Congress for Industrial Organizations in 193 8, or the CIO. With its colorful leader John L. Lewis, a former president of the Mine Workers Union in the years after WWI, actually led the fight in bitter attacks on many members and aspects of the AFL and their competing vision for trade unions in America.The two organizations began to find common ground in the years during and immediately after WWII. Some of the old antagonisms were put aside and a merger was formed on December 5, 1955. An aspect of the mission statement as part of that historic day stated that the two organizations shared many of the same aspirations for the future of the American worker.: â€Å"What labor wants †¦ is what theAmerican people want: honorable peace in the world, rising living standards at home and abroad, the human dignity that is the reward of economic progress, and the enjoyment of democratic liberties.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 232) The press at the time was also optimistic about the future of this historic merger: â€Å"†No doub t about it, unity of labor will bring benefits all around–in closer relationships between international and national unions †¦ in organizing drives among the millions of workers in industries that are largely unorganized, improved legislation, more effective political activity, and extended work with other community groups–all of them are in the cards.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 235)It was the design of the merger to pool together the collective strengths of the two unions, which at times, had formed a counterproductive and contentious relationship in the past as they both battled for an increase of influence in their own separate ideas of the future of labor in America. It was commented by the press that this merger might be helpful in the cessation of these quarrels. â€Å"Immediate effects of the merger will be to give the American trade union movement a single voice on political and legislative matters, instead of two separate and sometimes divergent voices,à ¢â‚¬ (McMillian, 1967 p. 237) The merger gave the two unions, now one single union, and the largest number of members than any previous union in the history of the country. This, along with the growing power of the teamsters in the 1960’s and 1970’s and their colorful and sometimes controversial leader Jimmy Hoffa, the influence of the union, in both the lives of the worker as well as with politics, increased steadily over time.The constitution of the AFL-CIO, as formed in relation to the merger, established seven different and separate departments. They are still in operation within the union. They are the Building and Construction Trades Department, the Food and Allied Services Trades, the maritime Trades and Metal Trades department as well as the Department for Professional Employees and the Transportation and Union Label Departments.There are also non-profit, non partisan organizations that have since been included in the charter of the AFL-CIO. Some of these incl ude, in order strengthening the diversity and membership of the union, the Black Trade Unionists and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Some of the major function of these and other such groups is to lobby Congress, issue research reports and publications and build coalitions in order to further strengthen the power of the union with other groups. The AFL-CIO is made up of a combination of 54 national groups including some in Canada as well. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO came to be the recognized voice of almost all unionized workers in America. However, in the most immediate years, the influence and power to collectively bargain has hit a major impediment in the steep decline of their members.The future of the AFL-CIO is uncertain. As the organization prepared for its 50th anniversary celebration, three of the four largest unions announced that they would be withdrawing from the union. The Teamsters, which had always had a contentious relationship with the AFL-CIO left as well as the Service Employees International Union. The riffs, though seen as very personal, could not be salvaged as of yet and the future of the AFL-CIO as it continues to maintain the same level of power and influence as it did in the past, is being threatened.Another sign of the times, and one that will not likely be reversed anytime soon, is the millions of jobs that have gone overseas to countries where unions are not allowed and the worker received pennies on the dollar of the wages of the American worker. In a way, the AFL-CIO is a victim of their own success.   The improvements that they were able to give the American worker, mandatory health care from most companies, holiday and sick pay, overtime pay and a 40 hour work week have now negated themselves from many of the jobs that were once seen as bastions for the American worker but have now gone overseas by the millions.Unfettered capitalism and the reluctance for Congress to place the restrictive tariffs on these goods, for mer inventions by Americans, the television, most aspects of the radio and automobile as well as dozens of various consumer goods which had their origins in America, even the American flag, are all built in underdeveloped countries where the worker has little protection from being exploited and where businesses can reap profits in the billions. The future of the blue collar American worker is in jeopardy and the AFL-CIO may end up being powerless to stop it.WORKS CITEDBurns, R. ( 1999)   The History of New York: Boston: PBS VideoByrne, M (2006) America’s Labor Movement. PBS: BostonCommanger, H.S. (1947) Documents of American History. New York: Century Publishers.Gillian, L. (1998) The Progressives Boston: PBS American ExperienceHoyt, A ( 2001) Chicago: City of the Century. Boston: PBS American ExperienceJohnson, P ( 2006) The Supreme Court.   Boston: PBS VideoKeeler, M. (1982) The History of the AFL. Chicago: University of Chicago Press..Jones, R. (1972) The History of La bor: The Pullman Strike. New York: Premier Press.McMillian, J. (1967) The Influences of the American Federation of Labor.   New York: Simon & Schuster.Negal, J ( 2001) The Progressive Movement. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.Miller. D. (2001) Chicago: City of the Century. New York: Simon & Schuster.Peters, M. (1991) The Clayton Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressRiis, J. ( 2001) How the Other Half Lives. New York: Simon & Schuster.